ĐĪāĄąá>ū˙ ž ū˙˙˙ޟ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙čĨé(€ā†ōF/Č 0ŌÕ|ˇDArialngs¨š¨š˜°¸ (¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸"ˇDTahomags¨š¨š˜°¸ (¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸" ˇDTimes New Roman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸0ˇDWingdingsRoman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸@ˇDTimesngsRoman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸¤ €A˙˙Ĩ .Š  @Ŗn˙ũ?" d˙d@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙  @@``€€ (đ đČ\\     ƒ đ0ƒ†AŋĀÅA˙@ņ÷đ8ķ€ķ€Đ3ē“°öƚ;­”Įƚ;úgūũ4YdYd@¸z[ 0”˙˙˙Æũ˙˙pûppû@ <ũ4ddddl¸ß 0¨šp°¸ ˙ ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ ĀĀ?Ų Ú %đpķŸ¨-Chapter 3: The Experimental Research ApproachĄ..Ÿ¨ŸIntroduction Goal is to discover the effects of presumed causes This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program ĄŽ Z3ZZrZįZZZ 3Y    ķŸ¨ CausationĄ  Ÿ¨:Cause Has implicit assumption of manipulation contextually dependent Effect-the difference between what would and what did happen Causal relationship-what evidence is needed John Stuart Mills Canons Method of agreement Method of difference Joint methods of agreement and difference Method of concomitant variation Ą€?is?is  ķŸĒ Ÿ¨´Identified the necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of an event -- Position of falsification -- Causation viewed as a large network of cause-and-effect relations Ą*RbĩķŸ¨The Psychological ExperimentĄŸ¨kCriteria for identifying a causal relation Cause must precede the effect Cause must be related to the effect No other explanations must exist for the effect Definition of the psychological experiment Objective observation Of phenomenon that are made to occur In a strictly controlled situation Where one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constantĄd+PrP+P¤P+r+¤ķ Ÿ¨%Advantages of the experimental methodĄ&&Ÿ¨_Causal inference Causal description Causal explanation control Ability to manipulate variables Ą<&)&)ķ Ÿ¨*Disadvantages of the experimental approachĄ++Ÿ đDoes not test effect of nonmanipulated variables age, weather, etc Artificiality Inadequate method of scientific inquiryĄyyĒSķ Ÿ¨Experimental research settingsĄŸ RField experimentation Disadvantage-less control of extraneous variables Laboratory experimentation Strength is control over extraneous variables Weakness artificiality Ąv2E2Eķ ŸĒ Ÿ āInternet experiments Advantages Access to diverse population Bring experiment to participant Large sample Direct access to motivational confounding Cost savings lab space, equipment, etc Disadvantages Lack of control Self-selection DropoutĄl ›( ›(  /đāķ ķķķķķķķęøāī `đ r˙˙˙Ŋ77˙Ė˙fĖ3÷Ė/ĮÆą`đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™Ė`đ K–˙˙˙fĖÍ×ߙ™˙xPēĖ˙–ŗ`đ 7_/˙˙˙U†<ŅīŗĖfŽŦf´īøöŦ`đ Hgh˙˙˙X€sŨŨŨ3ĖˈqĖ™¨¨¨`đ WXc˙˙˙klu˙˙Ėgti~^éįͤO`đ ÄÖžīûđ3™fŨŨŨĖ˙™™3f`đ ÖÚä˙˙˙™ŋŪãĀĀĀ33Ė^“É`đ ÂĀēJ%ôôėx…iáßÁĨ§¯œ˜ff3Ŗ>˙ũ?" dd@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙,Ŗ¤˙ũ?nFdØ@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙ ú dÔ únFĐ@ú dđ`únF€ Ŗn˙ũ?" d˙d@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙   @@``€€PŖP   @ ` €`Ŗ pŖ>€Ŗ> rđj@đđđ( đ đđ6 đT đ~ā đ đˆ"ņŋđ~āđ đ c đÄB@CW DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ ˆđ˙W @W @W W @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ.‰~āđ đ c đÄB,CW DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ ˆđ˙W ,W ,@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ‰.āđž đ\ đ~ā đ đˆ"ņŋđ~āđ đ c đÄB CˇDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ˇ ˇ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(4ģđ đ c đÄB C‰ DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(W4āđ đ c đÄBtC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙t t tt@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđûƒ~đ đ  c đÄB CüDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ü ü üü@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ([4Wđ đ  c đÄB CüDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ü ü @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(ģ4ˇđ đ  c đÄB C¤DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Œ2Ž—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙¤ ¤ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(ˇ4[đ đ  c đÄBûC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ û û@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđƒ_đ đ  c đÄBûC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙û û ûû@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ˙ƒûđ đ c đÄBĸC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒÎ˙˙˙Ž—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ĸ ĸ@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ\ƒ˙đė đ ŗ đB€ õÜ ‡ŋƒŋĀ˙ ?"ņŋđĀ 0Fđà Ü  đTŸ¨ Click to edit Master title styleĸ!Ē !đ$ đ ƒ đ0€œ÷Ü ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđā 0đà Ü  đžŸ¨RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth levelĸ!    Ē SđČ đ ƒ đ0€˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ` P€đà Ü  đBŸ *Ą øđĘ đ ƒ đ0€ ˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ`p€đà  ˙  đDŸ *Ą úđĘ đ ƒ đ0€”˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ`€0€đà ˙  đDŸ *Ą ØđH đ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™Ėˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.† Ā@F$ ēShimmerî9ī € ŠđĄPđđ9đ( đ đđŽ đT đ~ā đ đˆ"ņŋđ~āđ~đb đ‰~ā đ# đ ˆ"ņŋđ‰~āđ đ c đÄB@CW DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ ˆđ˙W @W @W W @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ.‰~āđ đ c đÄB,CW DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ ˆđ˙W ,W ,@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ‰.āđ đ c đÄB C¤DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Œ2Ž—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙¤ ¤ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(ˇ4[đ đ c đÄBûC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙û û ûû@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ˙ƒûđ đ c đÄBûC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ û û@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđƒ_đĻđb đ\~ā đ # đ ˆ"ņŋđ\~āđ đ  c đÄB CˇDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ˇ ˇ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(4ģđ đ  c đÄB C‰ DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(W4āđ đ  c đÄBtC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙t t tt@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđûƒ~đ đ  c đÄB CüDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ü ü üü@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ([4Wđ đ c đÄB CüDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŒdŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ü ü @ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ(ģ4ˇđ đ c đÄBĸC DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒÎ˙˙˙Ž—Áœ@ŋ˙ˆđ˙ ĸ ĸ@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ\ƒ˙đō đ à đH€d$˙ ‡ŋƒŋĀ˙ ?ŋ"ņŋđę pđà ˙  đTŸ¨ Click to edit Master title styleĸ!Ē !đŨ đ ƒ đ0€´'˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋ𐠠`ā đà ˙  đWŸ¨#Click to edit Master subtitle styleĸ$Ē $đČ đ ƒ đ0€°*˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ` P€đà ˙  đBŸ *Ą øđĘ đ ƒ đ0€´8˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ`@`€đà  ˙  đDŸ *Ą úđĘ đ ƒ đ0€ô?˙ ƒŋĀ˙ "ņŋđ`€0€đà ˙  đDŸ *Ą ØđH đ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™Ėˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.† Ā@F$đúņ€ 0 zđr€đ đ đ( đ đ đČ đ ƒ đ0€tu˙ ƒŋĀ˙ đP đà  ˙  đPŸ *Ą ųĒ đĘ đ ƒ đ0€<ƒ˙ ƒŋĀ˙ đ ß đà ˙  đRŸ *Ą øĒ đd đ c đ$‡ŋ˙ ?đ°Đ đà ˙ đ đ ƒ đ0€|‰˙ ƒŋĀ˙ đ° °0Đđà ˙  đžŸ¨RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth levelĸ!    Ē SđÎ đ “ đ6€„‘˙ ‡ƒŋĀ˙ đ_Pđà  ˙  đPŸ *Ą úĒ đĐ đ “ đ6€€˜˙ ‡ƒŋĀ˙ đ_ ßđà ˙  đRŸ *Ą ØĒ đH đ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€ģāã33™™™™Ėˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.ØÆx@ŖîŲī €ųK0 ĖđÄpđđ\đ( đ đđx đ c đ$€üZ˙ ŋ˙ˆđ€°Đ đà  ˙  đ žđ¤ đ c đ$€ė^˙ ŋ˙ˆđ°°ĐPđ<$ņ 0à ˙  đ žđH đ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆŠ•ē___PPT10‹uę.+ĪF•ņDņ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņĐ'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +DņZ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû* %ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû* @%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Cĩ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*ĩ %ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû* o%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*oœ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*œŸ%ņ(ņ+8+0+8  +îTī €ųK0 ĖđÄ đ(đ\đ( đ đ(đx đ( c đ$€°°˙ ŋ˙ˆđ`°Đ0đà  ˙  đ žđ¤ đ( c đ$€ôš ŋ˙ˆđ °Đpđ<$ņ 0à ˙  đ žđH đ( ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆŠē___PPT10‹đę.+ĪF•ņDņ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņK'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(.%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(.E%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(E‚%ņ(ņDņž 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņf 'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(‚Ž%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(ŽĮ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(ĮÛ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(Ûđ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(đ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(:%ņ(ņ+8+0+(8  +î… ī €ųK0 LđDĀđ0đÜđ( đ đ0đ¤ đ0 c đ$€„Õ˙ ŋ˙ˆđā°Đđ<$ņ 0à ˙  đ žđH đ0 ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆÉŠÁē___PPT10‹Ąę.+ÎāEADņA'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņü'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0R%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0Ro%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0o´%ņ(ņ+8+0+08  +îŅī €ųK0 ŌđĘāđ8đbđ( đ đ8đx đ8 c đ$€´ņ˙ ŋ˙ˆđ°ĐĀđà  ˙  đ žđĒ đ8 s đ*€ ŋ˙ˆđ $Ŧėđ<$ņ 0à ˙  đ žđH đ8 ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆŠ‡ē___PPT10‹gę.+ĪF•ņDņ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņÂ'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ´'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8+%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8+I%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8Im%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8m%ņ(ņDņå 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ 'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8Č%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8ČŪ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8Ū%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8&%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8&l%ņ(ņ+8+0+88  +î#ī €ųK0 ØđĐđ@đhđ( đ đ@đ~ đ@ s đ*€˜! ŋ˙ˆđĀ 0Fđà    đ žđĒ đ@ s đ*€Ā" ŋ˙ˆđā 0đ<$ņ 0à   đ žđH đ@ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆÛ ŠĶ ē___PPT10‹ŗ ę.+ĪF•ņDņS 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@$%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@$7%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@7?%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@?_%ņ(ņ+8+0+@8  +îq ī €ųK0 ØđĐ đHđhđ( đ đHđ~ đH s đ*€ÄB ŋ˙ˆđĀ 0Fđà    đ žđĒ đH s đ*€ C ŋ˙ˆđā 0đ<$ņ 0à   đ žđH đH ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆ) Š! ē___PPT10‹ ę.+Å[W_DņĄ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ\'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*HC%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*HCQ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*HQy%ņ(ņ+8+0+H8  +îsī €ųK0 ØđĐ@đPđhđ( đ đPđ~ đP s đ*€äc ŋ˙ˆđĀ 0Fđà    đ žđĒ đP s đ*€@d ŋ˙ˆđā 0đ<$ņ 0à   đ žđH đP ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆ+ Š# ē___PPT10‹ ę.+ĪF•ņDņŖ 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ^ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +DņZ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*PH%ņ(ņDņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*PHc%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Pc‘%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P‘¨%ņ(ņ+8+0+P8  +î]ī €ųK0 LđD`đXđÜđ( đ đXđ¤ đX c đ$€‰ ŋ˙ˆđP 0đ<$ņ 0à   đ žđH đX ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™ĖˆĄŠ™ē___PPT10‹yę.ë.d‘ÆOķø+ÎāEADņ 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņÄ'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņû'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņŖ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X %ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X =%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X=]%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X]j%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Xj”%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X”ģ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*XģÉ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*XÉÚ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*XÚé%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Xéņ%ņ(ņ+8+0+X8  +đņ 0 ˜đđ$đ(đ( đ đ$đ^ đ$ S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  ˙ đŠ đ$ c đ$€ž˙ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  ˙  đŸĒ đH đ$ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€Ė™33ĖĖĖ˙˛˛˛ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.ôÆĐ ŋ×đņ 0 ˜đ°đ,đ(đ( đ đ,đ^ đ, S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  ˙ đŠ đ, 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Entry˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙d›OΆęĒš)čIR‹ûĮՀCurrent User˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ MSummaryInformation(˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙sUPowerPoint Document(˙˙˙˙‘(‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œū˙˙˙ąũ˙˙˙ū˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ũ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ū˙˙˙ŗ´ĩšēģŧŊžŋĀÁÂÃÄÅÆĮČÉĘËĖÍÎĪĐŅŌĶū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ū˙˙˙ ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙xperiment&Advantages of the experimental method+Disadvantages of the experimental approachExperimental research settingsSlide 8  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titlesö'_Ā‘ãm(ôWheaton ThunderWheaton ThunderRoot Entry˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙d›OΆęĒš)č@û ‡…ûĮՀCurrent User˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ASummaryInformation(˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙sUPowerPoint Document(˙˙˙˙‘(‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ąũ˙˙˙ū˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ũ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ū˙˙˙ŗ´ĩšēģŧŊžŋĀÁÂÃÄÅÆĮČÉĘËĖÍÎĪĐŅŌĶū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ĩ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ū˙˙˙ 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The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program ĄŽ Z3ZZrZįZZZ 3Y    ķŸ¨ CausationĄ  Ÿ¨Cause contextually dependent Effect-the difference between what would and what did happen Causal relationship-what evidence is needed John Stuart Mills Canons Method of agreement Method of difference Joint methods of agreement and difference Method of concomitant variation Ą€isis  ķŸĒ Ÿ¨—Identified the necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of an event -- Causation viewed as a large network of cause-and-effect relations Ą*RE˜ķŸ¨The Psychological ExperimentĄŸ¨kCriteria for identifying a causal relation Cause must precede the effect Cause must be related to the effect No other explanations must exist for the effect Definition of the psychological experiment Objective observation Of phenomenon that are made to occur In a strictly controlled situation Where one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constantĄd+PrP+P¤P+r+¤ķ Ÿ¨%Advantages of the experimental methodĄ&&Ÿ¨_Causal inference Causal description Causal explanation Control Ability to manipulate variables Ą<&)&)ķ Ÿ¨*Disadvantages of the experimental approachĄ++Ÿ đDoes not test effect of nonmanipulated variables age, weather, etc Artificiality Inadequate method of scientific inquiryĄyyĒSķ Ÿ¨Experimental research settingsĄŸ RField experimentation Disadvantage-less control of extraneous variables Laboratory experimentation Strength is control over extraneous variables Weakness artificiality Ąv2E2Eķ ŸĒ Ÿ āInternet experiments Advantages Access to diverse population Bring experiment to participant Large sample Direct access to motivational confounding Cost savings lab space, equipment, etc Disadvantages Lack of control Self-selection DropoutĄl ›( ›(  /đāķ ķķķķķķķęî{ī €ųK0 ĖđÄ đ(đ\đ( đ đ(đx đ( c đ$€–ĸ ŋ˙ˆđ`°Đ0đà  y  đ žđ¤ đ( c đ$€`&ĸ ŋ˙ˆđ °Đpđ<$ņ 0à ĸ  đ žđH đ( ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆ?Š7ē___PPT10‹ę.+ĪF•ņDņˇ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņr'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +DņZ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(Z%ņ(ņDņž 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņf 'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(Z†%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(†Ÿ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(Ÿŗ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(ŗČ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(Čō%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*(ō%ņ(ņ+8+0+(‰ +îŦī €ųK0 LđDĀđ0đÜđ( đ đ0đ¤ đ0 c đ$€Ė ‰ŋ˙ˆđā°Đđ<$ņ 0à ‰ đ žđH đ0 ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆđŠčē___PPT10‹Čę.+ÎāEADņh'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ#'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +DņZ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0R%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0R—%ņ(ņ+8+0+0‰ +î#ī €ųK0 ØđĐđ@đhđ( đ đ@đ~ đ@ s đ*€€ ,ŋ˙ˆđĀ 0Fđà  , đ žđĒ đ@ s đ*€| ,ŋ˙ˆđā 0đ<$ņ 0à , đ žđH đ@ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆÛ ŠĶ ē___PPT10‹ŗ ę.+ĪF•ņDņS 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@$%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@$7%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@7?%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@?_%ņ(ņ+8+0+@ĸ  +rä įúj õ? 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