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The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program brY    Introduction 9Ways of categorizing research approaches Experimental versus descriptive Experimental identifies cause and effect Descriptive describes some phenomenon Quantitative versus qualitative Quantitative collects numerical data Qualitative collects non-numerical data like pictures, clothing worn, interview statements ) O!) O!  %Nonexperimental Quantitative Research&&:Primary characteristic gives a description or picture of a phenomenon Types Correlational Ex post facto Longitudinal and cross-sectional Survey Meta Analysis.LZRZLRCorrelational StudyMeasures degree of relationship between two variables Used for prediction Limitation cannot identify causality third variable problem Correlation between two variables due to some third variable@U2=U2= Ex Post Facto StudyXCharacteristic-variables of interest are not subject to direct manipulation uses individual difference variables variables on which individuals naturally differ Design-compare behavior of people who differ on the variable of interest Weakness is correlational type of study Has third variable problemvLZ%Z0ZqZZL%0q   &Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study''Longitudinal follow participants over time and measure behavior at selected time intervals Cross-Sectional Assess groups of participants that differ on some characteristic often at the same point in time Problem----age-cohort effect Cohort-sequential design suggested as an alternative to the cross-sectional design Uses overlapping age groups to eliminate the age-cohort effect ZZSZ?ZZZS?   Naturalistic Observation2Collect data on naturally occurring behavior Primary characteristics Unobtrusiveness Natural setting Weakness difficult to identify causal relationships@E!4E!4  Meta AnalysisUsed to integrate and describe large number of studies Types of Meta-Analytic techniques Determine if overall significance exists Determine size of the treatment effect @YPYP  SurveyUsed to identify a specific state of affairs Methods of data collection Face-to-face or personal interview Telephone interview Mail out questionnaires Electronic survey E-mail survey Web based surveys Pop-up survey is recent addition nHa !Ha !    Advantages of electronic surveys Cost Instant access Wide audience Download to spreadsheet Flexible in layout especially web-based survey Disadvantages of electronic surveys Privacy and anonymity Which type to use Web-based if goal is to sample a wide audience E-mail if goal is to target a specific audience E-mail if rapid response is needed !j$!j$    Question construction Type of question Open and close-ended questions Question wording avoid ambiguous and double-barreled questions Ordering of the questions positive ones first Question length best if it is short Response bias Social desirability bias Response set Obtaining participants Haphazard sample Random sample ZZZZ.ZRZZ&ZZZZ  .R&  $$(( Qualitative ResearchDefinition Interpretative Multimethod Conducted in field or natural setting Issue in qualitative research the accuracy of the data collected@ AA AA h  PhenomenologyLDefinition description of conscious experience of phenomenon Primary method of data collection--in-depth interviews Analysis of interview data Extract phrases and statement that pertain to phenomenon Interpret and give meaning to phrases and statements Write narrative describing the phenomenon. Ethnography Definition description and interpretation of culture of group of people Cultures can be micro or macro Primary data collection method--participant observation Requires entry and acceptance by group Must guard against reactive effect Collect information by observing and listening Data analysis Identify themes and patterns of behavior Write narrative report lzBzB   Case Study VDefinition intensive description and analysis of a person, organization or event Types of case studies Intrinsic case study Instrumental case study Collective case study*iCiC/    ! 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' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p'%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p'F%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*pFX%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*pX%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p %(D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p #%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p#4%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p4B%(+8+0+py  +s  K0 xh(  x~ x s *H& * `  y   x s *y + `<$ 0 &  H x 0޽h ? f3f3+ # ___PPT10 .+FD ' = @B D^ ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x&%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x&L%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xL%(+8+0+xy  +  K0 h(  ~  s *t" * `     s *0 + `<$ 0   H  0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10.+[W_D,' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=t%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'%(+8+0+  ++  K0  \(  x  c $B *p     c $C +`<$ 0   H  0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10.+[W_Dg' = @B D"' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Hg%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*g%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(R%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Ri%(+8+0+  +s K0 @h(  ~  s *P * `     s *Q + `<$ 0   H  0޽h ? f3f3+ # ___PPT10 .+[W_D ' = @B D^ ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*S%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Si%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*i~%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+  + 0 $((  $^ $ S     &  $ c $&   @  &   H $ 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.ǐpV 0 ,((  ,^ , S      , c $`   @    H , 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0 4((  4^ 4 S      4 c $g   @    H 4 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0 <((  <^ < S      < c $Hm   @    H < 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0 D((  D^ D S      D c $r   @    H D 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0 0L((  L^ L S      L c $hx   @    H L 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.t 0 PT((  T^ T S      T c $}   @    H T 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.t 0 p\((  \^ \ S      \ c $   @    H \ 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.t  0 d((  d^ d S      d c $   @    H d 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.  0 l((  l^ l S      l c $   @    H l 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.es  0 t((  t^ t S      t c $,   @    H t 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.  0 |((  |^ | S      | c $   @    H | 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.  0 ((  ^  S       c $D   @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10./ 0 0((  ^  S       c $\   @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Р 0 P((  ^  S       c $評   @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Рr y1h%-!7QGo}ƎtԺ4Tt4? 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