ĐĪāĄąá>ū˙ åįū˙˙˙íæû˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙čž!é(€ā†ōø/Č 0ŌÕ0ˇDArialngs¨š¨š$Ũe (¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸"ˇDTimes New Roman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸ ˇDWingdingsRoman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸0ˇDTimesngsRoman(¸¸į0(¸z[ 0 ¸¤€@˙˙Ĩ .Š  @Ŗn˙ũ?" d˙d@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙  @@``€€ XđPđøtĄ//     ƒ đ0ƒ†AŋĀÅA˙@ņ÷đ8ķ€ķ€ĐĪē“°öƚ;­”Įƚ;úgūũ4YdYd@¸z[ 0”˙˙˙Æũ˙˙pûppû@ <ũ4ddddl¸ß 0¨šüÜe ˙ ˆÔŠ0ē___PPT10‹ ĀĀŠ”ē___PPT9‹vønų3nđ)/ypfßĖ}×ŅI[‡ĀeÉ˙‰PNG  IHDR aĢŦÕsRGBŽÎé`PLTEĀĀĀ˙ŋĀ˙ŋŋ˙ĒĒ˙••˙•”˙”•˙””˙€€˙€˙€˙˙kj˙jj˙UU˙@@˙@?˙?@˙??˙++˙+*˙*+˙**˙˙˙˙ā#gŋ cmPPJCmp07128I ątRNS@æØfAIDATÁ Ã0 ė~ą˙¯œš¸âˇ÷ŋ{îģ[„8([Pz2S82(ЧĸėÖ\”d˛ XČP<ãÆ€  zIENDŽB`‚ų0nđ&WvlÂHMĢüU+vnšį˙‰PNG  IHDR aĢŦÕsRGBŽÎé`PLTEĀĀĀĀŋ˙ŋĀ˙ŋŋ˙ĒĒ˙••˙•”˙”•˙””˙€€˙€˙€˙˙kj˙jk˙jj˙UU˙TU˙@@˙@?˙?@˙++˙*+˙**˙˙˙˙˙˙M#A cmPPJCmp07128I ątRNS@æØf>IDATÁ1°€ŽųWų喀ø}{īí{÷J‚ %”sî 4!uĘ61QJuRW&›x›&vxČIENDŽB`‚ ųķnđéŅe!Âų(˜mPĮųɈËáö˙‰PNG  IHDRÉøˆysRGBŽÎéPLTE™f™fffĀĀĀ™™Ėf™™™™ff™f™Ė™Ė™™ËO)ã cmPPJCmp0712 jtRNS˙˙×Ę ADIDAT•cP‚, SV‡A%õā6ACÃÂ!ÄP.iuƒ‰ÂD!".l`)SˆbõāP„bLí@Õ]įK‹ˇIENDŽB`‚?Ų Ú %đ—ķŸ¨CChapter 8: Construct and External Validity in Experimental ResearchĄDDŸ¨\ This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Ą@rčY ķŸ¨Construct ValidityĄŸ |Definition extent to which we can infer higher-order constructs for our operations Constructs are used for Research participants Independent variable Dependent variable Experimental settingĄ*lSlSķŸ¨ How to Assess Construct ValidityĄ!!Ÿ¨ĮHave a clear definition of the construct of interest Problem is identifying prototypical features of the constructs Affects ability to identify the concrete operations used to represent the constructĄ*5“5“ķŸĒ Ÿ¨ĸAssess the match between the constructs and the operations used to represent them Ways to assess Content validity Criterion-related validity Predictive concurrentĄXR,R,  ķ Ÿ¨Threats to Construct ValidityĄŸ¨Inadequate explanation of the construct Construct confounding Mono-operation bias Confounding constructs with level of constructs Treatment-sensitive factorial structure Reactive self-report changes Reactivity to the experimental situation Experimenter effectsĄķ ŸĒ Ÿ¨cNovelty and disruption effects Compensatory equalization Compensatory rivalry Treatment diffusion Ą(ccķ ŸĒ Ÿ¨‰Reactivity to the Experimental Situation Refers to research participants motives and perceptions influencing their response to the DV Motive and perceptions influenced by the demand characteristics of the experiment Primary motive--positive Self-presentation Condition producing positive self-presentation motive Implication for research Intertreatment interaction Intratreatment interaction Ą‚)]´6)]´  6Ē,S ķ ŸĒ Ÿ tExperimenter Effect Experimenter s motive of supporting the study hypothesis can lead to bias Ways experimenter may bias the study Experimenter attributes Experimenter expectancies Effect on experimenter recording bias Effect on research participant-- Mediated of expectancies Handling in animal research Nonverbal communication in human studies Magnitude of expectancies can exist in animal and human research and can be greater than the IVĄ˜K%2`E`K%2  `E`ķ  Ÿ¨External ValidityĄŸ öDefinition generalizing across people, settings, treatment variations, outcomes and times Represents a test of interactionsĄ||ķ Ÿ¨Threats to External ValidityĄŸ¨ũPopulation validity Target population Experimentally accessible population Requires generalization from sample to target population Ecological validity Temporal validity Seasonal variation Cyclical variation Treatment variation validity Outcome validityĄ€ZpZ&Z&Z.Zp&&  .ķ Ÿ¨External Validity ConcernsĄŸ |Cautions in evaluating external validity Some studies conducted to increase knowledge and not to generalize to a real life situation Some studies assess a theoretical process Moving out of the laboratory does not insure generalization Relationship between internal and external validity often an inverse relationship Ą`)ZÂZSZZ)ÂS  /đ4ķķķķķķķķķķ ķ ęø7ī `đ f˙˙˙lĖĖ˙™ĖfĖ™™˙3ĖĖ`đ ™˙˙˙€˙˙˙3f˙{FІŅėEɄ`đ OY˙˙˙?HsĖė˙™ĖL„p™Ė–¤Č`đ €€˙˙˙nkâīÍ3ĖĖcR¸Ė˙˙™Ė˙`đ Td4˙˙˙HV,˙˙Ė{ŠnR|:Uĩ^…ŗą`đ ĨŊŦ˙˙˙–˛ž˙˙ĖNˆ€/qšĀįTʉ`đ Ė™˙˙˙ԜÎŊ@Ėf€€˙™˙˙™`đ ™úųæˆęÜx˙f¸mR׍Æŗ~`đ ˙˙˙ŨŨŨæõöĨá¨[ļ4˜ŽŖ>˙ũ?" dd@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙,Ŗ¤˙ũ?lZdØ@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙ ū dÔ ūlZĐ@ū dđ`ūlZ€ Ŗn˙ũ?" d˙d@˙˙ī˙˙˙˙˙˙   @@``€€PŖT $   @ ` €`Ŗ0pŖ>€Ŗ> ĸ1đš1@đ..đ 1đ( đ đđB,đT đ€ß đ đˆ"ņŋđ€ßđ đ c đÔBlCÉ DEÁ FÁ*€ƒđĸ‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ @ŋ˙ ˆđ˙y  Ũ ēlÉ là y y @ŦŦŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ ~Õ đ đ c đÔB×CĢ DEÁ FÁ*€ƒđ›‹y˙ŒŽ—Áœ @ŋ˙ ˆđ˙[ ˛¯ ú×Ģ ×Ĩ [ ˛[ ˛@ŦŦŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ•~Ģ đ đ c đÄBĘCĀDEÁFÁ"€ƒđÁ‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ @ŋ˙ ˆđ˙œĘĀʐœœ@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđi Æ(đ đ c đÄBēCBDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ@ŋ˙ ˆđ˙ēBē<0ēBēB@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđÆų ~:đä đ Ķ đށ0e‚˜˛ƒ0e„˜˛…‡ˆ‰ŋ  ô   ?BĩCIDEÁFÁ"€ƒđŅ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹Ļ˙ŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @ŋĀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁĮČÉĘË5%ĖÍÎĪÁŌĶÔÕ×˙€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…đų†‡÷ˆ ŋĀÁÂdÃÄÅÆĮČÉĘ0uËĐĖ0íė˙Í@T‰Î€Ī€˙˙Đy˙Ņ2Ō NĶPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<˙˙ØŲ'Úp”˙ A¨)BCD|žE„|ž…†|ž‡ˆđ˙IĩMĩkII@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€S"ņ‘’ŋ‚†đް×đĖ đ Ķ đŽBĪCeDEÁFÁ"€ŋ˙ ˆđ˙Ī0ĪeĪ0Ī0@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ°v~ÛđÄ đ  Ķ đ†B]CÆDEÁFÁ€ŋ˙ ˆđ˙]œÆ]] @ŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ#į~­đ  đ  c đĖB'C\DEÁFÁ&€ƒđš‹Ļ˙ŒŽ—Áœ @ŋ˙ ˆđ˙\7\'*'\\@ŦŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđƒ#ßđĖ đ  Ķ đŽBÕ CDEÁFÁ"€ŋ˙ ˆđ˙†Õ ĖÔ††@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ1Ëßđ đ  c đÄB}CzDEÁFÁ"€ƒđ÷‹Ļ˙ŒdŽ—Áœ @ŋ˙ ˆđ˙}~}Žz}~}~@ŦŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđ~—đÄ đ  Ķ đ†BŲCđDEÁFÁ€ŋ˙ ˆđ˙ŲđŲđŲđ @ŦŦŦŦŦ`€"ņŋđĻO ~? 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ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*05%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*05t%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*0tČ%ņ(ņ+8+0+0ņ  +îī €ųK0 LđDāđ8đÜđ( đ đ8đ¤ đ8 c đ$€„ ŋ˙+ˆđPāp0đ<$ņ 0à ģ  đ žđH đ8 ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™ĖˆT ŠL ē___PPT10‹, ę.+ÎāEADņĖ 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ‡ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņž 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņf 'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8R%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8Ra%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8ar%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8r%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8˜%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*8˜Ŗ%ņ(ņ+8+0+8ņ  +îī €ųK0 ĖđÄđ@đ\đ( đ đ@đx đ@ c đ$€Äģ ŋ˙*ˆđ°Đ đà  ģ  đ žđ¤ đ@ c đ$€$Čģ ŋ˙+ˆđ0°Đāđ<$ņ 0à ģ  đ žđH đ@ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆÖŠÎē___PPT10‹Žę.+Å[W_DņN'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@(%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@(>%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@>R%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@R‚%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@‚Ē%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@ĒĮ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@Įđ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*@đ%ņ(ņ+8+0+@ņ  +î~ ī €ųK0 LđD đHđÜđ( đ đHđ¤ đH c đ$€čãģ ŋ˙+ˆđā 0đ<$ņ 0à ģ  đ žđH đH ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™Ėˆ Šē ē___PPT10‹š ę.ë.ÅÃđސ(+ŧÍJŗDņ* 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņå 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*H%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*H9%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*H9N%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*HNb%ņ(ņ+8+0+Hņ  +îŌī €ųK0 LđD@đPđÜđ( đ đPđ¤ đP c đ$€Hžģ ŋ˙+ˆđ° 0đ<$ņ 0à ģ  đ žđH đP ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ f˙˙˙™ęęęfĖ˙f˙˙˙Ė™ĖˆŠē___PPT10‹îę.ë.Äà ˆ?ĩ+ÎāEADņ~'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ9'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņp'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P)%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P)†%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P†Ø%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*PØ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P:%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*P:S%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*PSn%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Pn‰%ņ(ņ+8+0+Pņ  +îũī €ųK0 LđD`đXđÜđ( đ đXđ¤ đX c đ$€D#ĩ ŋ˙+ˆđđ°Đđđ<$ņ 0à ĩ  đ žđH đX ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆAŠ9ē___PPT10‹ę.+ÎāEADņš'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņt'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +DņZ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X_%ņ(ņDņI'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X_„%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X„œ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Xœļ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*XļÜ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*XÜũ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*Xũ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X2%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X2[%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*X[ģ%ņ(ņ+8+0+Xņ  +îčī €ųK0 ØđĐ€đ`đhđ( đ đ`đ~ đ` s đ*€ÄEĩ ŋ˙*ˆđ¯ `đà  ĩ  đ žđĒ đ` s đ*€HMĩ ŋ˙+ˆđđ `đ<$ņ 0à ĩ  đ žđH đ` ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆ Š˜ē___PPT10‹xę.+Å[W_Dņ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņĶ'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*`Z%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*`Z|%ņ(ņ+8+0+`ņ  +îĀī € ųK0 ØđĐ đhđhđ( đ đhđ~ đh s đ*€hgĩ ŋ˙*ˆđ¯ `Įđà  ĩ  đ žđĒ đh s đ*€Ägĩ ŋ˙+ˆđĀ 0đ<$ņ 0à ĩ  đ žđH đh ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆxŠpē___PPT10‹Pę.+ĪF•ņDņđ'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ DņĢ'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ´'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*h%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*h&%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*h&K%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*hK„%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*h„˜%ņ(ņDņ3'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙DņÛ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*h˜Ē%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*hĒŊ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*hŊĐ%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*hĐí%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*híū%ņ(ņ+8+0+hņ  +îsī € ųK0 ØđĐĀđpđhđ( đ đpđ~ đp s đ*€đĩ ŋ˙*ˆđ¯ `đà  ĩ  đ žđĒ đp s đ*€l—ĩ ŋ˙+ˆđđ `đ<$ņ 0à ĩ  đ žđH đp ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆ+ Š# ē___PPT10‹ ę.+ĪF•ņDņŖ 'ņ š˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ^ 'ņ ˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ 'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ´'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*p)%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*p)…%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*p…¯%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*p¯ë%ņ(ņDņ'ņ ˇ=ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ ĩ=ņ1ņ :ņBņvisible*ņo3ņ>ņ+Bņ#style.visibility<ņû*pë=%ņ(ņ+8+0+pņ  +đņ 0 ˜đđ$đ(đ( đ đ$đ^ đ$ S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  „ đŠ đ$ c đ$€đĶ„ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  „  đŸĒ đH đ$ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€Ė™33ĖĖĖ˙˛˛˛ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.Ļ“Æ°1÷Ļđņ 0 ˜đ°đ,đ(đ( đ đ,đ^ đ, S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  „ đŠ đ, c đ$€Đų„ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  „  đŸĒ đH đ, ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€Ė™33ĖĖĖ˙˛˛˛ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.ôÆ€)Ü×đņ 0 ˜đĐđ4đ(đ( đ đ4đ^ đ4 S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  ģ đŠ đ4 c đ$€L”ģ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  ģ  đŸĒ đH đ4 ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€Ė™33ĖĖĖ˙˛˛˛ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.Ļ“Æ°1÷Ļđņ 0 ˜đđđ<đ(đ( đ đ<đ^ đ< S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  ģ đŠ đ< c đ$€ĩģ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  ģ  đŸĒ đH đ< ƒ đ0ƒ“ŪŊh”ŽŸ‹ŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙€€€Ė™33ĖĖĖ˙˛˛˛ˆ8Š0ē___PPT10‹ë.Ļ“Æ°1÷Ļđņ 0 ˜đđDđ(đ( đ đDđ^ đD S đŋ˙ ˆđ°Đ đà  ģ đŠ đD c đ$€üÔģ ŋ˙ ˆđ° @ Đđà  ģ  đŸĒ đH đD ƒ 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The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Ą@rčY ķŸ¨Construct ValidityĄŸ |Definition extent to which we can infer higher-order constructs for our operations Constructs are used for Research participants Independent variable Dependent variable Experimental settingĄ*lSlDocumentSummaryInformation8˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙SķŸ¨ How to Assess Construct ValidityĄ!!Ÿ¨ĮHave a clear definition of the construct of interest Problem is identifying prototypical features of the constructs Affects ability to identify the concrete operations used to represent the constructĄ*5“5“ķŸĒ Ÿ¨ĸAssess the match between the constructs and the operations used to represent them Ways to assess Content validity Criterion-related validity Predictive concurrentĄXR,R,  ķ Ÿ¨Threats to Construct ValidityĄŸ¨ÜInadequate explanation of the construct Construct confounding Mono-operation bias Confounding constructs with level of constructs Reactive self-report changes Reactivity to the experimental situation Experimenter effectsĄŨŨķ ŸĒ Ÿ¨|Novelty and disruption effects Compensatory equalization Compensatory rivalry Resentful demoralization Treatment diffusion Ą(||ķ ŸĒ Ÿ¨‰Reactivity to the Experimental Situation Refers to research participants motives and perceptions influencing their response to the DV Motive and perceptions influenced by the demand characteristics of the experiment Primary motive--positive Self-presentation Condition producing positive self-presentation motive Implication for research Intertreatment interaction Intratreatment interaction Ą‚)]´6)]´  6Ē,S ķ ŸĒ Ÿ ¸Experimenter Effect Experimenter s motive of supporting the study hypothesis can lead to bias Ways experimenter may bias the study Experimenter attributes Experimenter expectancies Effect on experimenter recording bias Effect on research participant-- Magnitude of expectancies can exist in animal and human research and can be greater than the IVĄlK%2§K%2  §ķ  Ÿ¨External ValidityĄŸ öDefinition generalizing across people, settings, treatment variations, outcomes and times Represents a test of interactionsĄ||ķ Ÿ¨Threats to External ValidityĄŸ¨ũPopulation validity Target population Experimentally accessible population Requires generalization from sample to target population Ecological validity Temporal validity Seasonal variation Cyclical variation Treatment variation validity Outcome validityĄ€ZpZ&Z&Z.Zp&&  .ķ Ÿ¨External Validity ConcernsĄŸ |Cautions in evaluating external validity Some studies conducted to increase knowledge and not to generalize to a real life situation Some studies assess a theoretical process Moving out of the laboratory does not insure generalization Relationship between internal and external validity often an inverse relationship Ą`)ZÂZSZZ)ÂS  /đ4ķķķķķķķķķķ ķ ęî‰ī €0ų^N0 ĖđÄđ@đ\đ( đ     ū˙˙˙ū˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ đ@đx đ@ c đ$€4›ŋ˙*ˆđ°Đ đà   đ žđ¤ đ@ c đ$€ œŋ˙+ˆđ0°Đāđ<$ņ0à  đ žđH đ@ ƒ đ0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”ŪŊhŋ˙ ?đ ˙˙˙˙˙Ėf˙˙3f˙˙3˙˙ˆMŠEē___PPT10‹%ę.+Å[W_DņÅ'ņ A˙˙˙˙=ņ @Bņ Dņ€'ņ •˙˙˙˙=ņ @BņAņ?%ņ,(ņ <ņ +O%ņ,(ņ <ņ +Dņ'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņ˙˙˙˙Dņ)'ņ =ņ%ņ(ņDņŅ'ņ =ņABņ Bņ°Bņ@Bņ0Bņ%ņ(ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ)ņ€?Dņø'ņ