ࡱ> !",( / 00DArialngs0 (0(z[ 0 "DTimes New Roman(0(z[ 0  DWingdingsRoman(0(z[ 0 0DTimesngsRoman(0(z[ 0 @ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` x.)//      !"#$%&'()*+,- 0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4YdYd@z[ 0ppp@ <4ddddl 00  0___PPT10 ___PPT9vn3n)/ypf}I[ePNG  IHDR asRGB`PLTEkjjjUU@@@??@??+++**+**#g cmPPJCmp07128I tRNS@fAIDAT 0 ~{[8([Pz2S82(\dXP< zIENDB`0n&WvlHMU+vnPNG  IHDR asRGB`PLTEkjjkjjUUTU@@@??@++*+**M#A cmPPJCmp07128I tRNS@f>IDAT1W}{{J %s4!u61QJuRW&x&vxIENDB` ne!(mPɈPNG  IHDRysRGBPLTEffffffff̙̙O) cmPPJCmp0712 jtRNS ADIDATcP, SVA%6AC!P.iuD!".l`)SbPbL@]KIENDB`?  %k!,Chapter 6: Variables Used in Experimentation--^ This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program >rY  Introduction  Variable any characteristic of an organism, environment, or experimental situation that can vary. Independent variable Dependent variableTypes of VariablesNDiscrete versus continuous variables Quantitative versus qualitative variablesOO4Ways to Create Variation in the Independent Variable55=Presence versus absence Amount of a variable Type of variable>> 7Ways to Establish Variation in the Independent Variable88kExperimental Manipulation Instructional manipulation Event manipulation Individual Difference Manipulation L.#.$ %Constructing the Independent Variable&&bMust translate the independent variable into concrete operational terms Easy with some IV s Drugs Time Hard with IV s that represent constructs Aggression Delay of gratificationlH )"H )  " Number of Independent Variables  More than one provides additional information Theoretically no limit to the number that can be used Practically there is a limit  Dependent VariablePurpose of the dependent variable measure the effect of the IV Issues related to the dependent variable What dependent variable should you select? How to insure that participants are responding seriously to the measure? How many dependent variables do you use?*hh  <Chapter 7: Reliability and Validity in Experimental Research==] This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program >rY   Reliability  Definition stability, consistency or repeatability Requirements for valid experimental results Experimental reliability Experimental validity&_/_/ -Relationship Between Reliability and Validity..Experimental reliability can exist without experimental validity Experimental validity cannot exist without experimental reliability Experimental ReliabilityFactors influencing experimental reliability Number of research participants Reliability of identifying the type of participant needed for the study Characteristics of the researchers Ability of the researcher*-- 8Reliability and the Independent and Dependent Variables99Independent variable Concrete operations must produce the same effect in research participants for reliability to exist Dependent variable-The effect measured should be about the same regardless of when it is measuredMeasurement Error,Definition error introduced in the measurement of a behavior Factors causing measurement error Relationship between measurement error and reliability   Methods of Assessing Reliability!!XSuccessive measurement Test-retest Equivalent forms Simultaneous measurement Interrater reliability Interobserver agreement Internal consistency Split-half Cronbach s alphaZZZ/ZZZ/  >M  + Experimental ValidityDefinition accuracy or correctness of an inference Types of validity that maximize obtaining experimental validity Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity Construct validity External validity*sWsW Statistical Conclusion Validity !!Refers to the accuracy of an inference that the independent and dependent variables covary Threats insufficient research participants Many others but beyond this course to discuss*cQcQTZInternal ValidityDefinition-- accuracy of the inference that the independent variable caused the effect observed in the dependent variable Primary threat confounding extraneous variables How to eliminate the confounding influence of extraneous variables holding their influence constant^Z!ZCZ"Z!C"  Threats to Internal ValiditysHistory Maturation Instrumentation Testing Regression Artifact Attrition Selection Additive and Interactive effectstt/ ! 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