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The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program `rr     Introduction  Single-case designs--Use only one participant or one group of participants Research in psychology began with the intensive study of single organisms Pavlov Ebbinghaus Fisher s introduction of ANOVA Skinner continued single-case research Single-case designs became more acceptable with the growth in research in behavior therapy L &Characteristics of Single-Case Designs''Are time series designs But time-series design do not eliminate the history threat so they must be altered Assessment of a treatment effect is based on the assumption that the pattern of pretreatment responses would continue in the absence of the treatment RSS Single-Case Designs:A-B-A Design A B A Baseline Treatment Baseline Baseline-behavior in the absence of any treatment Treatment-administration of the IV ( !Characteristics of the ABA Design""Demonstration of the treatment requires a return to baseline A strong treatment effect could reduce chance of a reversal to baseline To avoid ending on baseline can extend the design to A-B-A-B design There is a difference between a reversal and a withdrawal of treatment   Interaction DesignTests the combined effect of two treatments Design sequence A B A B BC B BC A C A C BC C BC A=baseline, B=treatment, C=treatment and BC=combined treatment Must use both sequences to test the combined influence over the effect of just one variable. 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I2 [,Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.-Root EntrydO)&1Current User MSummaryInformation(_PowerPoint Document(A signs Single-Case Designs"Characteristics of the ABA DesignInteraction DesignMultiple-Baseline DesignChanging-Criterion Design Methodological Issues# Criteria for Evaluating Change  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles '_AWheaton ThunderWheaton ThunderRoot EntrydO)00Current User ASummaryInformation(_PowerPoint Document(A signs Single-Case Designs"Characteristics of the ABA DesignInteraction DesignMultiple-Baseline DesignChanging-Criterion Design Methodological Issues# Criteria for Evaluating Change  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles #_A John VesseyJohn Vessey#_d John VesseyJohn Vessey  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)ܡs}Current User ASummaryInformation(_PowerPoint Document(ADocumentSummaryInformation8<-a0Ԗ@DTimesngsRomanLL<0Ԗ-a0Ԗ A .  @n?" dd@  @@`` PHpj      0AA@83ʚ;ʚ;g4kdkdV-a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L0 80___PPT10 ?  %X(Chapter 12: Single-Case Research Designs))^ This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program `rr     Introduction  Single-case designs--Use only one participant or one group of participants Research in psychology began with the intensive study of single organisms Pavlov Ebbinghaus Fisher s introduction of ANOVA Skinner continued single-case research Single-case designs became more acceptable with the growth in research in behavior therapy L &Characteristics of Single-Case Designs''Are time series designs But time-series design do not eliminate the history threat so they must be altered Assessment of a treatment effect is based on the assumption that the pattern of pretreatment responses would continue in the absence of the treatment RSS Single-Case Designs:A-B-A Design A B A Baseline Treatment Baseline Baseline-behavior in the absence of any treatment Treatment-administration of the IV ( !Characteristics of the ABA Design""Demonstration of the treatment requires a return to baseline A strong treatment effect could reduce chance of a return to baseline To avoid ending on baseline can extend the design to A-B-A-B design There is a difference between a reversal and a withdrawal of treatment   Interaction DesignTests the combined effect of two treatments Design sequence A B A B BC B BC A C A C BC C BC A=baseline, B=treatment, C=treatment and BC=combined treatment Must use both sequences to test the combined influence over the effect of just one variable. Disadvantage interaction effect can be demonstrated only if each variable does not cause a maximum increment in performance d<ZjZZZ<j Multiple-Baseline DesignFirst person A B B B Second Person A A B B Third Person A A A B A=Baseline and B=Treatment Treatment effect demonstrated by a change in behavior only when treatment is given Requires independence of behaviors to demonstrate an effect0U Changing-Criterion Design Baseline T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 through T4 represents presentation of the treatment with a different performance criterion Factors to consider in using this design Length of treatment long enough for the behavior to stabilize Size of criterion change-large enough to notice a change Number of treatment phases at least two but enough to demonstrate a treatment effect        {   Methodological IssuesrBaseline must be stable What is stable baseline Absence of trend or in the direction opposite of what is expected from the treatment Little variability Change only one variable at a time Length of phases few guidelines to follow and need to consider the following Possibility of extraneous variables creeping in with long phases Carry-over effect may require short phases Cyclic variations maybe need to incorporate the cycle in all phases d1ZhZpZZ1hp " Criteria for Evaluating Change#Experimental criterion Replication Nonoverlap of treatment and baseline phases Therapeutic criterion clinical significance Researchers often use social validation does it produce a change in the client s daily functioning Social comparison compare behavior with nondeviant peers Subject evaluation do others who interact with the client see a changet8,c8,c  ,#  N/   0^N0 <\(  <x < c $d0F    < c $P0<$0  H < 0޽h ? fff  ___PPT10 ..P~mm+FD ' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<=%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<=%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(+8+0+<0 +r }5 dsA1 ՜.+,0     On-screen ShowWheaton CollegeAM   ArialTahomaTimes New Roman WingdingsTimesShimmer)Chapter 12: Single-Case Research Designs Introduction'Characteristics of Single-Case De