Biblio Format	Annotation
Amaladoss, M. Becoming Indian: The Process of Inculturation. Rome: Centre for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies and Dharmaram Publications Bangalore, 1992.
Arbuckle, Gerald A. Earthing the Gospel: An Inculturation Handbook for Pastoral Workers. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1990.
Aymes, María de la Cruz. Effective Inculturation and Ethnic Identity. Rome: Centre "Cultures and Religions" Pontifical Gregorian University, 1987.
Azevedo, Marcello de Carvalho. Inculturation and the Challenges of Modernity. Rome: Centre "Cultures and Religions " Pontifical Gregorian University, 1982.
Bamat, Tomás and Wiest, Jean-Paul, eds. Popular Catholicism in a World Church: Seven Case Studies in Inculturation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999.
Bate, Stuart. "Inculturation: The Local Church Emerges." Missionalia 22:2 (August 1994): 93-117.	Inculturation has become, in a very short time, one of the central issues of the church in Africa. This article provides a survey of the understanding of the term in recent missiological literature and an ecclesiology to serve the concept of inculturation, which is to be understood as the emergence of a local church within a specific context. Concludes: The process of inculturation touches deeply on the issue of the church's mission within a particular context. This mission expresses itself in terms of a diversity of ministries which emerge in response to mediated needs existing in the lives of people within the context. The inculturation model for ministry attempts to ground these ministries within an adequate theology which can aid in the process of discernment, which necessarily must go on as the local church attempts to emerge within a context to fulfill the missionary mandate which has been passed on to it.
Birkett, Margaret. "The Inculturation of the Gospel Message from the Context of African Women Theologians." Feminist Theology 5 (1994): 92-105.	In this paper I attempt a review of inculturation from the perspective of African women theologians. In doing this I first look at the theological context from which these women come to the question of inculturation. They have emerged from a group of 'Third World' theologians and are a sign of what can happen when the people from the Third World unite in order to empower one another. The second part of this paper looks briefly at the content of the African women's view of the inculturation of the Christian message. It is not possible here to deal with the whole of their theology, I therefore confine my examination to a study of their Christology: how does the African woman view the person of Christ? African women are an important resource in the process of inculturation as they bring with them their own cultures from the perspective of educated women. This involves them in a critical approach which includes an evaluation of their culture and challenges Christians everywhere to take. the women's view seriously in order to 'bring about a new creation'. In the third part of the paper I examine more closely the sources of the theology expressed by African women theologians as 'third-way theology' in order to understand their methodology. I shall compare their method(s) with the hermeneutical cycle described by C. Rene Padilla,' and Schreiter's Contextual Model.' In my conclusions I evaluate the contribution of these women within my own context as a European woman ministering with Nigerian women.
Bretzke, James T. "Cracking the Code: Minjung Theology as an Expression of the Holy Spirit in Korea." Pacifica 10 (1997): 319-330.	Minjung theology's development in Korea, as an indigenous theology of liberation, is a genuine response to the Holy Spirit in Asia's fastest growing Christian population, though not without its problematic elements and critics. This article reflects on the inculturation of minjung theology in terms of a five-stage framework suggested by the Pentecost account in Acts 2:1-42.
Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria. The Nigerian Church: Evangelisation Through Inculturation: Pastoral Letter. [Lagos]: Catholic Secretariat of Nigeria, 1991.
Catholic Secretariat of Nigeria. Proceedings of the Bishops' Study Session on Inculturation Held at Sacred Heart Pastoral Centre, Jos, November 9-10, 1988. Nigeria: Catholic Secretariat of Nigeria, 1989.
Chew, Hiang Chea John. "Church and the Inculturation of the Gospel." In Doing Theology with Asian Resources, ed. Choo Lak Yeow, 241-59. Singapore: ATESEA, 1993.	All efforts at inculturation must be constantly reformed and judged by what the gospel ultimately stands for. Christians everywhere should be aware of their own `tradition', `sectarian', `class' or `cultural' baggages and, where they are found to be wanting, to repent of them. In this regard, it is sad to note that secularized Western Christian traditions inherited by contemporary Singapore Christianity has often been uncritically upheld as the norm of biblical culture. We need to face up to this reforming and judging function of the gospel in culture.
Chupungco, Anscar J. Liturgical Inculturation: Sacramentals, Religiosity, and Catechesis. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Chupungco, Anscar J. Liturgies of the Future: The Process and Methods of Inculturation. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.
Cornille, C. The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity or Opportunity of Inculturation? Louvain: Peeters Press, 1991.
Dapila, Fabian N. "The Importance of the Dagaaba Ancestors and Their Role in the Process of Inculturation." Mission 3 (1996): 91-122.	Examines Dagaaba of west Africa social structure (especially ancestors) and the sacred dimensions of social activities in light of the social structure, then explores Catholic teachings on death and the saints, and finally develops an approach to integrate the two.
Dhavamony, Mariasusai. Christian Theology of Inculturation. Roma: Editrice pontificia università gregoriana, 1997.
Dom Nwachukwu, Peter Nlemadim. Authentic African Christianity: An Inculturation Model for the Igbo. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Elavathingal, Sebastian. Inculturation & Christian Art: An Indian Perspective. Rome: Urbaniana University Press, 1990.
Gittins, Anthony J. Gifts and Strangers: Meeting the Challenge of Inculturation. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.
Hearne, Brian. "Christology is Basic to Inculturation." In 32 Articles Evaluating Inculturation of Christianity in Africa, ed. Teresa Okure, Paul van Thiel, et al. 89-96. Kenya: AMECEA Gaba Publications, 1990.	Any talk (or action!) about "inculturating" the Christian faith, must be seen in the fight of the mystery of Jesus Christ, and not just as efforts to make a system or an institution more "meaningful' to people of different cultures. Christology is at the very heart of any theology of inculturation It may, therefore, be useful to offer some tentative reflections on this point in a study devoted to the topic of "inculturation". A good starting-point may be to contrast two famous papal sayings about the Church in Africa. In 1969, in Kampala, Paul VI told the African Bishops: "You may, and you must have an African Christianity!". In 1980, in Nairobi, Pope John Paul 11 told the Kenyan Bishops: "Not only is Christianity relevant to Africa, but Christ, in his members, is himself African!" It is no accident that Pope John Paul II's deep sense of the mystery of the person of Christ (expressed so well in his first encyclical, "Redemptor Hominis", for example) should lead him to a more personal--in the sense of centered on the person of Christ--expression of what Pope Paul VI had said. His statement, in particular, has the most far-reaching consequences for a theology and practice of inculturation, and most of this short article Will simply be an attempt at elucidating the Christology, that seems to lie behind this dramatic statement.
Hillman, Eugene. Toward an African Christianity: Inculturation Applied. New York: Paulist Press, 1993.
Hinga, Teresia. "Inculturation and the Otherness of African: Some Reflections." In Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and the Africans: Papers from a Congress (October 21-22, 1993, Heerlen, the Netherlands) at the Occasion of 100 Years SMA Presence in the Netherlands, ed. Peter Turkson and Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen, 10-18. Kampden, the Netherlands: J.H. Kok, 1994.	Christian incarnation in Africa is not synonymous with a great adaptation of Christian faith in traditional faith it needs. Thus, the question of inculturation is more than a question of cultural idiosyncrasies and how these can be accommodated within the framework of Christianity. The question of inculturation is an essential aspect of the need to apply the gospel as a liberative principle in all aspects of the social historical contexts in Africa. Thus, inculturation, instead of dignifying the need to abide with the otherness of Africans, should point to the need to abide by the dignity of the Africans and the need for self definition. It means a preparedness to allow the African to say 'this I am', and to refrain at all times from saying to him/her 'you are that'. It means, a preparedness to accept his rejection of extraneous definitions that are the culmination of the process of 'othering' which has been the bane of the Africans in history.
Igboaja, Ugonna and Ike, Obiora F., eds. Inculturation: Where Do We Stand? Proceedings, Lectures, Discussion and Communique of a Three-day Seminar Organised at the Pastoral Centre. Ugwu-di-Nso Eke, for Priests in the Catholic Diocese of Enugu-March 13-15, 1989. Enugu: Lay Apostolate Publishers, 1990.
Ikenga-Metuh, Emefie and Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu. African Inculturation Theology: Africanizing Christianity. Onitsha [Nigeria]: Imico Books, 1996.
IMBISA Secretariat. Inculturation: The Faith That Takes Root in African Cultures. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 1993.
Kabasele Lumbala, François. Celebrating Jesus Christ in Africa: Liturgy and Inculturation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1998.
Karecki, M. M. "Inculturation: An Imperative of Mission." Missionalia 21:2 (August 1993): 152-58.	Inculturation is considered one of the biggest challenges facing mainline churches. The author's interest in inculturation is in the area of liturgy, though he is aware that inculturation must go on in every aspect of Christian life. He is convinced that liturgical inculturation could be a key to opening the churches to inculturation of every aspect of Christian life. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the discussion on the topic of inculturation and mission. Liturgy, because it is made up of symbol and ritual, can be a great formative element in shaping the missionary consciousness of a people and that because faith always needs to be celebrated, mission and liturgy are natural partners. But then liturgy must be inculturated.
Kirby, Jon P. "Inculturation of the Christian Message: Claim, Reality, Consequences." In Anthropology and Mission, ed. Joachim G. Piepke, 68-81. Nettetal, Germany: Steyler Verlag, 1988.
Lee, Peter K. H. "Contextualization and Inculturation of Christianity and Confucianism in the Contemporary World." Asia Journal of Theology 7:1 (1993): 84-91.	Discusses meaning of the two terms in the title and how both Christianity and Confucianism contextualize themselves for relevance in contemporary settings.
Lee, Peter K. H. "Contextualization and Inculturation of Christianity and Confucianism in the Contemporary World." Ching Feng 34:2 (June 1991): 84-93.	In terms of religious conviction, I am a Christian, but culturally and ethnically I am a Chinese, and some traces of Confucianism are in my blood, so to speak. It is meaningful as far as I am concerned to take up the question about contextualization and inculturation (the two are related but not identical) as they relate to both Christianity and Confucianism in the contemporary world, though in my presentation I give more weight to the former than the latter. The following issues seem to me worthy of our attention. They are of a methodological nature. By knowing how to deal with these methodological issues, one then finds one's answers to the question of contextualization or inculturation in the given situation. 1) How is it possible that the Christian gospel can be presented in a non-Christian cultural context with particular reference to Confucianism? 2) What is the point of entry into the context for the process of contextualization? and 3) What is the end result of contextualization/inculturation?
Louis, Bernardine M. "Gospel and Culture in the Process of Interaction: A Study on Inculturation in Indian Context." In Faith, Culture, India Today: Perspectives, ed. Augustine Mulloor, 175-207. Kalamassery, Kerala, India: Jyothir Dhara Publications, 1991.	When persons of one cultural background accept another religion, certainly together with the religion many elements of the alien culture too are accepted. But slowly the converts, inheritors of their own culture, question the foreign cultural elements, try to express their faith-commitment and experience in their own, patterns, symbols and ways. When the group intensely tries to live, worship and reflect, i.e. translate their faith experience in this new way, inculturation takes place. And it is a creative process. This paper would be basically dealing with the interaction between Gospel and culture and specifically with the issues relating to the inculturation in the Indian context.
Magesa, Laurenti. "The Present and Future of Inculturation in Eastern Africa." In Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and the Africans: Papers from a Congress (October 21-22, 1993, Heerlen, the Netherlands) at the Occasion of 100 Years SMA Presence in the Netherlands, ed. Peter Turkson and Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen, 57-71. Kampden, the Netherlands: J.H. Kok, 1994.	Inculturation in Eastern Africa has taken on two major orientations. We may refer to one as the official level of inculturation and to the other as the popular level. The official approach has almost exclusively been noetic or cognitive. I mean by this that above all it has relied on an intellectual analysis of principles and directives of Church teaching. From here it has attempted to relate the results of its analysis to African cultural realities through catechesis and liturgy. What I have referred to as the popular process of inculturation has taken an entirely different route. Rather than concern itself directly and immediately with cognitive notions in Christianity and culture, their analysis, differentiation, explication and synthesis, this process of inculturation has been basically intuitive and spontaneous, arising from within the African heart and soul. My experience both as university lecturer and parish priest in rural Tanzania indicates that the dialectic of inculturation in Eastern Africa has shifted. It is no longer primarily between missionary Christianity and African religion; it is fundamentally between official attempts at inculturation and popular Christian praxis. The official level of inculturation in the region has up to now been mainly deductive and intellectualist. Its impact on the spirituality of the people has been minimal, and even here it has tended to create an atmosphere of confusion among the religious orientation of those concerned. My argument is that, even though official pronouncements, catechesis and other pastoral strategies have definitely impinged on the popular praxis of the Christian faith, inculturation on this level has been deeper and spiritually more meaningful.
Manathodath, Jacob. Culture, Dialogue, and the Church: A Study on the Inculturation of the Local Churches According to the Teaching of Pope Paul VI. New Delhi: Intercultural Publications, 1990.
Mbachu, Hilary. Inculturation Theology of the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15: An Inspiration for the Igbo Church Today. New York: Peter Lang, 1995.
Mercado, Leonardo N. Inculturation and Filipino Theology. Manila: Divine Word Publications, 1992.
Mkhatshwa, Smangaliso. "Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and Africans." In Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and the Africans: Papers from a Congress (October 21-22, 1993, Heerlen, the Netherlands) at the Occasion of 100 Years SMA Presence in the Netherlands, ed. Peter Turkson and Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen, 19-29. Kampden, the Netherlands: J.H. Kok, 1994.	Reflections on inculturation in Africa, discussing the meaning and extent of inculturation as well as issues of liberation in relation to inculturation.
Nariculam, Antony, ed. Inculturation and Liturgy: Papers Presented at Cardinal Parecatil Memorial Symposium. Alwaye: STAR Publications, 1992.
Okoye, James C. "Inculturation and Theology in Africa." Mission Studies 14:1/2 (1997): 64-83.	Defines inculturation from the Catholic perspective, surveys in historical outline the development on inculturation and development of African theology, describes general approaches to theology in the African setting, and explores two major themes in African theology: salvation and Christology,
Okure, Teresa. "Inculturation: Biblical/Theological Bases." In 32 Articles Evaluating Inculturation of Christianity in Africa, ed. Teresa Okure, Paul van Thiel, et al. 55-88. Kenya: AMECEA Gaba Publications, 1990.	This study invites us to reflect on inculturation in the New Testament, and on its relevance for the Church in Nigeria and elsewhere, particularly in Africa. We note from the outset that the scope of the topic is immensely vast. We shall first focus our attention and reflection on highlighting the scriptural and theological foundations for inculturation. My basic assumption is that once we have established more clearly the scriptural and theological principles involved, we would then be better prepared to adopt apt strategies for promoting authentic and effective inculturation. Secondly, it needs to be noted that as an hermeneutical issue, inculturation is not just a twentieth century, and specifically an African problem, that grows out of the reappraisal of our cultural heritage, or consequent from our colonization
Okure, Teresa; van Thiel, Paul, et al. eds. 32 Articles Evaluating Inculturation of Christianity in Africa. Kenya: AMECEA Gaba Publications, 1990.
Onuh, Charles Ok. Christianity and the Igbo Rites of Passage: The Prospects of Inculturation. New York: Peter Lang, 1992.
Onwubiko, Oliver Alozie. Theory and Practice of Inculturation: An African Perspective. Enugu: O. A. Onwubiko, 1992.
Onyeneke, Augustine O. African Traditional Institutions and the Christian Church: A Sociological Prologue to Christian Inculturation. Nsukka, Nigeria: Spiritan Publication, 1993.
Piepke, Joachim G., ed. Anthropology and Mission, ed. Joachim G. Piepke, Nettetal, Germany: Steyler Verlag, 1988.
Pinto, Joseph Prasad. Inculturation Through Basic Communities: An Indian Perspective. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corp., 1985.
Poupard, Paul. The Church and Culture: Challenge and Confrontation: Inculturation and Evangelization. St. Louis, MO: Central Bureau CCVA, 1994.
Schineller, Peter. A Handbook on Inculturation. New York: Paulist Press, 1990.
Schineller, S.J., Peter. "Inculturation and Syncretism: What Is the Real Issue?" International Bulletin of Missionary Research 16:2 (April 1992): 50-3.	Discusses intersection of syncretism and contextualization, concluding that syncretism as a term cannot be redeemed (there are too many perjorative meanings associated with it). Explores syncretism as seen through several examples in church history (e.g., Jerusalem Council, Christmas, Christianity and modern culture) and then focuses on the criteria by which to distinguish adequate and valid inculturation from inadequate and invalid attempts at inculturation.
Shorter, Aylward. Christianity and the African Imagination: After the African Synod: Resources for Inculturation. Nairobi, Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa, 1996.
Shorter, Aylward. Toward a Theology of Inculturation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1989.
Spindler, Marc R. "Europe's Neo-Paganism: A Perverse Inculturation." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 11:1 (January 1987): 8-11.	The resurgence in paganism in Europe is discussed, starting with their self-understanding and offering theological assessment.
Sundermeier, Theo. "Inculturation and Syncretism." Scriptura S10 (1992): 32-48.	Indigenisation, inculturation--a transformation of the Gospel by means of the encounter with other cultures and religions. Does such a thesis not give reason for a growing suspicion about syncretism? Mrs. Chung's speech during the General Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Canberra, Australia in 1991 caused a revival of the debate on this topic. How are inculturation and syncretism distinguishable and how do they interact? A theological decision incorporating an understanding of syncretism becomes necessary. In the following discussion, the author distinguishes two basic forms and structures of syncretism: symbiotic syncretism (unavoidable and necessary, it describes a process rather than a condition and comes into existence in all places where primal cultures and their systems of religion are dominated by differentiated and superior societies and their systems of religion) and synthetic syncretism (which occurs horizontally in the encounter of equal systems of religion, be it an 'exchange' between tribal religions or an urban border-crossing world religion).
Tovey, Phillip. Inculturation: The Eucharist in Africa. Bramcote, Nottingham: Grove Books, 1988.
Turkson, Peter and Wijsen, Frans Jozef Servaas, eds. Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and the Africans: Papers from a Congress (October 21-22, 1993, Heerlen, the Netherlands) at the Occasion of 100 Years SMA Presence in the Netherlands. Kampden, the Netherlands: J.H. Kok, 1994.
Turkson, Peter. "Inculturation: A Biblical Perspective." In Inculturation: Abide by the Otherness of Africa and the Africans: Papers from a Congress (October 21-22, 1993, Heerlen, the Netherlands) at the Occasion of 100 Years SMA Presence in the Netherlands, ed. Peter Turkson and Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen, 1-9. Kampden, the Netherlands: J.H. Kok, 1994.	Incarnation theology is the basis and the justification of inculturation; but, as such, inculturation 'concerns, in fact, the very methodology of biblical revelation in its realization". For, either, as Jesus of the Gospels, or, as the Word of God in the Old Testament, the Word of God does not come to us but through assuming the ways of expression of the different cultures. This makes Scriptures (the incarnation of the Word of God, not as Jesus of Nazareth, but, as Scriptures) a clear illustration of the inculturation agenda. And the consideration of Scriptures/the Bible, as an instance of inculturation, is the particular perspective in which I am supposed to treat the congress-theme: 'Inculturation: Abiding by the Otherness of Africa and the African'.
Udeafor, Ndubisi Innocent. Inculturation: Path to African Christianity. Lustenau, Austria: N. I. Udeafor, 1994.
Udoidem, S. Iniobong. Pope John Paul Ii on Inculturation: Theory and Practice. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996.
Ukpong, Justin S. "Rereading the Bible with African Eyes: Inculturation and Hermeneutics." Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 91 (June 1995): 3-14.	The general experience in Africa is that the traditional mode of the official church's reading of the Bible is not capable of responding adequately to the questions that African Christians are asking about their life in Christ and their experience with the Bible. Examples of the type of questions which inculturation hermeneutic seeks to wrestle with could be multiplied but they would eventually all come to this: how to make the word of God alive and active in contemporary African societies and in the lives of individual Christians within their socio-cultural contexts. The point has already been made that new questions have arisen about the Bible which cannot be answered by the present mode of reading the Bible. These questions come from a certain conceptual frame of reference and therefore demand a new mode of reading the bible that responds to that conceptual frame of reference. To be sure, what is demanded is not a return to a literal reading of the Bible, but a reading that would be critical in its own way paying attention to the African socio-cultural contest and the questions that arise therefrom. This paper seeks to analyze the methodology of this approach.
Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu. The Church and Inculturation: A Century of Roman Catholicism in Eastern Nigeria. Uruowulu, Obosi: Pacific College Press, 1985.
Van der Peet, G. 20 Essays on Inculturation. Iperu-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria: Ambassador Publications, 1992.
Waliggo, John Mary. Inculturation: Its Meaning and Urgency. Kampala, Uganda: St. Paul Publications, 1986.
Zemin, Chen. "Inculturation of the Gospel and Hymn Singing in China." Chinese Theological Review 11:2 (1995): 85-100.	Hymn singing never fails to bless a church with vibrant life, and to attract newcomers to be" touched" by the gospel. I am not belittling the importance of the sermon, the Scripture and prayer in the life of Christian communities nor the need for inculturation in all these aspects. In fact, all these must be contextualized or inculturated in order to be effective if the Gospel is to change the life of a community or individuals. In this paper I want to focus on hymn singing and try to examine how it has been (or has failed to be) inculturated in the contemporary Chinese context.